mounir2203
03-27-2008, 10:05 PM
My friends I’m so pleased to present you the summary of the courses of the second semester ( us : s2) given by Professor ALkennawi , as a teacher in the university of Mohamed the fifth in Rabat , and I feel it’s my duty to acknowledge the help of my friend Omar who helped me a lot to make a good summary. So take it as a peace of cake and don’t forget to write me a response . GOOD LUCK.
1) American geographiy
United state is situated in north America with the Atlantic ocean in the east , the pacific ocean in the west ,Canada in the north , and Mexico in the south , it’s the world’s third largest country after Russia , Canada , and possibly china , the total area of the united states is 9.629.091 km² or 3.717.813 km² it consists of Us 48 contiguous states , in addition to Alaska , which is a big peninsula , and Hawaii , an archipelago in the pacific ocean , much vegetation and grass lands prevail in the east , ten there are prairies forests and the Rockies in the west , the south west is a desert area , most of the population of the US lives in the northeast , the coast of the great lakes , and Atlantic seaboard .
Eastern America consists largely of hills and temperate forests , the Appalachian mountains , separate the eastern seaboard from the great lakes and the Mississippi basin , the five great lakes are located in the north central position of the country , fore of them form part of the border with Canada.
The south east of the US contains sub tropical forests. near the golf coast there are wet lands especially in Florida. West f the Appalachians is the Mississippi river basin and two large rivers : the Ohio river and the Tennessee river , the Ohio and Tennessee valleys , and the mid – west , consist largely of hills and farmland which
stretch south to the golf coast .
The great plains lie west of the Mississippi river, and east of the rocky mountains ; a large position of the country ‘s agricultural product are grown in the graze plains , elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi river , to more than a mile high in the high plains .
The great plains come to an end at the rocky mountains, the rocky mountain form a large portion of the western US entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico . the rocky mountain range is broken into a number of smaller mountains ranges , forming a large series of basin and valleys , west of the rocky mountain , lies the inter – mountain , also known as the inter – mountain west, which is a large arid desert .the large southern portion, is known as the great basin. The south west is predominately a desert region . a portion known as the Colorado plateau , has some of the most spectaculars sites in the country ( the grand crayon ) .
the inter mountain plateau , come to an end to the cascade ranges , and the sierra Nevada .Alaska contains tall prominent mountain ranges , on the islands of the south and the south west coast are many volcanoes . Hawaii for to the south if Alaska in the pacific ocean in a chain of tropical volcanic islands.
In the US there are 8 distinct physiographic divisions le rant highland is a part of Canadian shield that extends into the northern US great lakes area .
2 The Atlantic plain : the coastal region of the eastern and southern parts includes the continental shelf 3 Appalachian highland , which lie in the eastern side of the US the region includes , the Appalachian mountain , Adirondacks, and new England province , 4 interior highland which are part of the interior continental US they include much of what is called great plains 5 ; which are also interior highland which are part of the interior continental the rocky mountain system , which lie fat in land in the western states ,7- interior mountain plateau , which are divided into the Colombian plateau , the Colorado plateau and the basin and range province 8- the specific mountain system made up of the coastal mountain range in the west coast .
- major cultural divisions in the us .
New England it’s one of the region settled by the European immigrants lies in the upper northeast corner of the us the prominent city in the region is Boston with important historical sides. The mid Atlantic states , which were settled by English immigrants , is a region which is home of tree cities , Washington, Philadelphia, and new York .
The south was the first region settled by the European immigrants in north America , the city of Atlantic is the capital of the south , the south is one of the larger cultural region of the us .
Mid- west this region was settled during the 1700 s and 1800 s ,; Chicago is the largest city in the region .
The south west is opportunely is equated to the states of new York , Arizona, and the southern portion of Utah , it’s region that has relatively low population density ( Spanish, American , and native American .).
The rocky mountain ; stretching northern from new Mexico into the state of Colorado ; Wyoming and Montana and west –ward to include the states of Utah , and the southern half of Idaho , is a region that is noted for it’s alpine peaks and copper –colored desert landscape , Denver is the most important city in the region.
2)HISTORICAL AND BACHGROUND
Before the united states got their independence, they were part of The British colony empire
American’s colonial history lasted over 150 years .and Britain influence upon America was fundamental .English became the languish of America and basic concept of government ,religion ,morality ,education ,business and art to came to America from Britain
However , the united states is not a product England alone , before England defeated the Spanish armada in 1588 , Spain and Portugal dominated the new world .afterwards the English , French , Dutch , and Swedish , sailed across the Atlantic and challenged one another , as well as, Spain in north America and ,later descendance of these groups and immigrants from many other nations joined together to distinct American culture.
By the middle of the 18 th century , the British and French were competing for central of north America , the British has settled a ribbon of 13 colonies , along the Atlantic coast and wanted to move west , this brought them into conflict with the French who claimed a vast extending from the saint Laurence river through the great lakes and down the Mississippi to the golf of Mexico between 1754 and 1763 , the British and French along with these colonists fought each other in the French and Indian war , Britain’s victory in the war secured it’s empire , but there were still difficulties .
Before the French and Indian war , English settled in America had enjoyed some of the some privileges as English-war in England and had become used to governing them- selves .they resented any interference . after the French and Indian wars British leaders in need of revenue to pay the cost of administering the enlarged British empire, bitter wrangling led to the declaration of independence and war “ the American revolution” after eight years , the colonies won their independence.
During the revolutionary war, the 13 states formed a loose union under the articles of confederation .the weak central government which these articles established could not provide the kind of effective government the people wanted after six years, the united states joined together under the present constitution f the united states which provides for here branches of government : the executive the legislative the judiciary.
The rich black soil Texas , the fertile valleys of the sacraments river in California and Willamette river in the organ country as well as the discovery of gold attracted American pioneers west wards in increasing numbers during the 1840 , however , more than hope of economic gain inspired these immigrations .American believed that they had or manifest “destiny” as god given night to spread American institution across the continent of the north American from the Atlantic to the pacific .the idea of manifest destiny dominated the history of the united states during the 1840. but this territorial expansion not only gained the new nation , more territory it also led to a war with Mexico the question with newly acquired territory in the west .was wither the states that were to be formed , in this territories ,, were to be free or slave states , the Mexico war lasted from 1846 to 1848 and ended in American victory with Mexico compelled to sell the territory of Texas to the united states for 50 million dollars., the question of slavery is to be one of the cause of the civil war which lasted from 1961 to 1965.
The war would end the victory of the north over the south , it would preserve the union and free the slaves but at a terrible coast , there were many casualties especially in the south , and the south was completely devastated .
For the next decade , Americans turned their attention to reconstructing and rebuilding the devastated .south.. how to do this became the subject of better debates . Lincoln warned in his last public address reconstruction was fraught with grave difficulty. His tragic assassination in 1865, left the massive problems of reconstruction in the hands of less able man and only time diminished the bitter feeling , caused by the years of wars and the years of reconstructions which followed .
3)American culture science:
During the revolutionary war American turned their energies to unifying and developing the new nation. They settled the last frontier , they linked the country together with the Vail rood and the telegraph .with industrial resolution , the US changed from predominantly rival agrarian nation to predominantly urban nation .Minors led the way into the mountainous areas of the last frontier , they were down by discoveries of gold and silver in the rocky mountains the high land of the great baser .mining torn sprang up some to die others to become cities farmers ,ranches and businessmen followed the minors ,cattlemen led the way into the great Plaines where the open range provided raising land for leaders of cattle whish could be sold and shipped to eastern markets .cattle towns along the advancing rail roods become centres of trade as farmers came to the Plaines to build homes fence the land and raise crops
By last decade of 19 century, the frontier was gone. by the end of the18 century ,us the continent as telegraph lives ands roods crossed the continent ,they bound the new nation into a close-knit .the telegraph and later the telephone made communication from one part of the nation to another a matter of minuet or at most a matter of homes
Rail roods moved agricultures products from furans and ranches .to urban industrial areas to feed grooving populations the held now materials to industrials centres , and industrial products to every corner of the land to meet the damans for manufactures .the us industries already stimulated by the demands which the civil war had made , moved forward at a quick rate markets for manufactures .expended as settlers peopled the last frontier and rail roods spread their net work .capable determined and sometimes ruthless (heartless) entrepreneurs taking the risks and free enterprise in order to make money built industrial empires as the met the increasing demand for goods tech developed new and improved industrial processes , and Americans from rural area as well as immigrants from abroad come to cities to work in factories
By the end of 20 century us was a leading industrial nation.
4)The world of American business:patch_mechan::patch_sal:
1- characteristics of business .
2-prestige of business * the idea of competition.
3- the prestige of business /the dream of getting rich .
4- two kind of American business hero.
5- the entrepreneur as hero .
6- the organization man as hero .
7- the decline of the business man as hero.
1- characteristics of business:patch_lf::patch_enrv:
The American characteristics of business actually are based on two significant pillars
To start with , the private business institution , which is owned by a private ones, in fact , this part is different to the government institution , second ,the profit, which the majority of businessman institution are eager to achieve ,however, all the above ,private and profit , made the business institution different from government private institution like : churches and charitable organization in the sense that the latter do not exist to make profit.
Vocabulary :
Socialism: socialist adj .to st of political * economic theories based on the belief that everyone has an equal right to share for a country's wealth and that the government should own and control the main industries -./ opposite :
Capitalism : communism : social democracy .
Essential : vital ; important .
2-the prestige of busniss * the ideal of competition
The American business is radically based on the ideal of competition more other institution due to many reasons , to start with , the competition is believed by many , is not most of the Americans as a path that lead to freedom .competition is also thought to be more significant than democracy is preserving freedom . in addition, competition promotes in some ways the ideal of quality of opportunity .bearing in mind It leads to success by competition, what is more is that competition is also seen the way by which most business are pushed to work hard . thus, only ho works hard will win , yet who does not will lose .
Vocabulary :
Heinous : morally very bad .: heinousness.
Prestige n+adj) the respect + admiration that somebody has because of their social position.
Adj --- luxurious
Luxury .
3- the prestige of business and the dream of getting rich
According to the idea of competition in business ,more people could be able to be well-off in the sense that they are all eager to rise from poverty t a great wealth , actually , this is not only for the individuals , but for the entire nation. On these hand, there's the socialist system tat doesn't increase as much as, the previous one above .this is mainly because of monopoly of power held by the government .besides ,business is more preferable by Americans than socialism according to the action which took place in 1978.
Vocabulary
1- the seeds of a business civilization had already planted .
-Eliminate : get rid of : discard.2
3-denote :; symbolize; mark. / opposite : promote.
4- demoralize : dishearten .
Demonstrate: show; protest; display.
5-denote : indicate : represent .
4-two kind of american business heroes .
USA contains two kinds of heroes that are so far as , the major kind is called the " the entrepreneur" which is seen as an example of basic American values .the other one is called "the organization man" but it is viewed as less significant than the other one .in the sense that it is not a good example of basic American values .
26/03/2007
Basic American values and beliefs*
1- individual freedom and self reliance .
2.equality of opportunity and competition .
3.material wealth and hard work .
1-1- individual freedom and self reliance .( page 20 and 21) .
When the British colonial settlers declared their independence from England in 1776 ,they therefore established a new nation , the united states .According to the independence the wrote their constitution for their nation in 1789 in which they agreed to separate the church and state thus, there would be no ruling class of nobleman in the nation and the power of the church was greatly limited .
This helped the American to create a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual . freedom is also viewed to many American a the desire and ability to control their own destiny without interference from the other's authority , the government hence, this attracted several immigrants to set foot in the new world.
The Americans actually take it for granted that the individuals must turn to depend on themselves , but not on the others ,such as , the given of the charity organization , the church and so on , this is self –reliance , led to achieve both financial and emotional independence from the parents as early as possible .eventually ,Americans believe that they must be self reliant in order to keep freedom.
Vocabulary
* dry and settled weather/ arrange, resolve ,clear up : opposite of unsettled0
* the extent to which ( how much ) family life has changed over the past 50 year.
To interfere: impede, obstruct, hinder. interferer noun, interfering adjective, interferingly adverb .
e.g. : I wish he would stop interfering and let me make my own decision.
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2.equality of opportunity and competition.
Many immigrant from the earliest settlers to the present day tended from deferent European countries to us , for leaving their own country for a number of reasons .first , they had a better chance to succeed in us than their own country which was determined largely by the social class into which they were born
Along with the idea of equality of opportunity , competition was believed by many Americans as a very important element of each individual .Americans in fact believe that the one who likes to competed successfully than others are honoured , and they are called ' the winner ' , whereas , the one who s passive and does not want to compete any more are dishonoured , and they are called the losers.
. Vocabulary
Excessive : immoderate, extreme ;greater --- they complained about noise comes from the upstairs flat.
Accumulated : accrue : build up.
To gradually get marc x of sth over period of time.
*constant: fixed ( adj ) .
*
Retire : (v) stop doing job , withdraw from a position. retirement ( n) .
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.material wealth and hard work .
it is likely that the most compelling reasons which pushed immigrants to set foot in the us are the ideas of both having a better life and raising their standard of living . they therefore could achieve materials success and become very attached to material things in fact , most of them hated to be called a materialistic one since this accuses them of having only material things and of having no religious value .actually, material wealth become a value compels them to work hard. In order to get what they want in life . the 1 st settlers for example landed to the north of us which was rich in natural resources were undeveloped .so , only the hard work these natural resources
could be converted into material possession and comfortable of living standard.
Vocabulary
get rich overnight : quickly .
assessment : evaluation .
offensive : offend
explore : travel to unknown regions; investigate, examine, research .
USA CV P: 201/202 PACK 2
SUNDAY MAY 07th 2007 Wednesday avril 04 2007
The American family
1- the emphasis on the individual freedom
- What would be best for the family is not considered to be as important
as what would be best for the individual .
-American would decide what job would be .
2-the main purpose of which the Americans views that the family is to advance the happiness of the individual members .
Also : is not to advance the family as a group of , either socially or economically –
US is not an aristocratic society .
3- due to the American thirst for freedom they hate to be controlled by each of their family .
4- us family is a nuclear family .
--- few children.
It is taken for granted that the emphasis on the individual freedom in us is shown within various aspects .the majority of American don' t think of getting a career which would be best for the whole family irreconcilable , but what would be best individual , American believe that the significance , of being among the family is to advance the happiness of the individual members , but not to advance the family , either socially or economically , . owing to the American thirst for freedom most of them hate being controlled by each of the family , in other words they want to make independence decisions and not to be told what to by others .in addition , most of the American families are nuclear ones , which consist the parents and their children , in comparison with the extensive families that consist a big number of members .
2- marriage and divorce
A-young people could married without telling their parents : they don't control them .
marriage is based on love , happiness : companionship .
B- when the couple are not happy have irreconcilable differences .
They reseat to divorce.
Getting divorce is easier in may state in us .
As it my be expected , the American thirst of getting freedom is clearly shown among their decision of getting married . they could be able to marry whoever and whenever they want , without the awareness of their parents . this appear in some way that the parent have no authority over their children . Americans believe that the companionship is the most significant part of marriage through love and happiness can be achieved, in fact ,research has shown that the rate of divorce is increasing alarming in the American society, getting unhappy or having irreconcilable difference are the main reasons , which lead to divorce .what is more , is that it is easies to get divorce in many state of USA..
3- the role of the family in society .
According to the idea of equality , the family has various roles in the American community .some think that one would rather achieve individual freedom within the context of the family .but others believe that the major roles of the family is to accomplish defilement of each individual and shared affection to renew each member emotional strength.
4- the role of the child :
Place more stress on the needs a desires of the child and less on social family responsibility .
As a result of the emphasis on the individual instead of the group finds expressions in other ways .
The American parent would leave no stone to provide the needs , as well as , desires of their children .
Indeed , years ago ; chiefly since the world war 2 , there was a great interest in terms of children , .the latter from that time so far , should be looked with many experts. So as to get him growing well.
5-Equality in the family
- along with the idea of the quality , the relationship between the wives and the husbands has changing directly, this causes exiting four stages for marriage .first, wife as a servant to husband., in this case woman was oppressed , exploded , abused and submissive , they have no right even to vote as a member of central the family, as man can be able to do second, husband- head ; woman- helper, husband represent the first responsible of the family while the woman was considered as the helper , who should take care of her house and bring up her children , husband senior partner, woman junior partner, a good number of women could be able to obtain job outside during the 20th country, this , however , showed in someway that the woman career has less precedence than man 's one .family during to the women's movement who demonstrated against all forms of sexual discrimination , things have been altered .wives believed , that they had better get red of the boundaries between each other in a bit to achieve equally . this actually , prove that both wife an d husband would share the same missing in terms of supporting the family , having the responsibilities for house hold , and rising children
String change in the American family
* changing values .
*the growing economic pressures for families .} the most often causes behind } the crisis.
The quit crisis
--- Children in the USA confront many risk factors ---
1- inadequate prenatal care :
- many of American adolescence's women become pregnant receive a title or no prenatal care .
- USA has the highest rates in terms of the unintended pregnancy .
It's a well-known issue that us has the highest rates among other countries in terms of unintended pregnancy this , however , this letter caused the lack of prenatal care that adolescent should receive .
2- isolated parents:
Because of the more divorces many parents feel isolated from their children than ever before.
3- substandard child care:
in fact , many mothers who come back to their work farce after years of baby's birth , this however , shows the substandard child care.
4- poverty :
A quarter of families in us with children under 3 years of the age are suffering from poverty ,thus , they live in unsafe neighborhood with poor access quality , child in term of health service or family support pregnant .
5- insufficient attention .
Some parents give insufficient attention to their children ' intellectual development hence , children arrive to school unprepared to learn this , however , has bad consequence routinely on their health development of children but the development of the whole country economically socially, politically as well .
Striking change in the American family
The most significant reasons behind striking change in the American family are changing values and growing economic pressures in families .
This however, contributes to this four bellow pressures .
- more working mothers. Indeed, a great number of women who work outside of home in comparison with the past , their goals is that parents should devote more much time to earn their leaving ., yet on the other side children are the victims , in the sense that because their parents have no more time to be with , hence , they get affected .
- more single parent families :
The of children living in single parents families has been increasing alarmingly among American families, this however , is attributable first of all , the highest rate of divorce , s such , cause this woman gets the responsible of caring and supporting , while the man not, therefore , great number of children get worse outcomes in terms of health , education , and so on.
1) American geographiy
United state is situated in north America with the Atlantic ocean in the east , the pacific ocean in the west ,Canada in the north , and Mexico in the south , it’s the world’s third largest country after Russia , Canada , and possibly china , the total area of the united states is 9.629.091 km² or 3.717.813 km² it consists of Us 48 contiguous states , in addition to Alaska , which is a big peninsula , and Hawaii , an archipelago in the pacific ocean , much vegetation and grass lands prevail in the east , ten there are prairies forests and the Rockies in the west , the south west is a desert area , most of the population of the US lives in the northeast , the coast of the great lakes , and Atlantic seaboard .
Eastern America consists largely of hills and temperate forests , the Appalachian mountains , separate the eastern seaboard from the great lakes and the Mississippi basin , the five great lakes are located in the north central position of the country , fore of them form part of the border with Canada.
The south east of the US contains sub tropical forests. near the golf coast there are wet lands especially in Florida. West f the Appalachians is the Mississippi river basin and two large rivers : the Ohio river and the Tennessee river , the Ohio and Tennessee valleys , and the mid – west , consist largely of hills and farmland which
stretch south to the golf coast .
The great plains lie west of the Mississippi river, and east of the rocky mountains ; a large position of the country ‘s agricultural product are grown in the graze plains , elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi river , to more than a mile high in the high plains .
The great plains come to an end at the rocky mountains, the rocky mountain form a large portion of the western US entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico . the rocky mountain range is broken into a number of smaller mountains ranges , forming a large series of basin and valleys , west of the rocky mountain , lies the inter – mountain , also known as the inter – mountain west, which is a large arid desert .the large southern portion, is known as the great basin. The south west is predominately a desert region . a portion known as the Colorado plateau , has some of the most spectaculars sites in the country ( the grand crayon ) .
the inter mountain plateau , come to an end to the cascade ranges , and the sierra Nevada .Alaska contains tall prominent mountain ranges , on the islands of the south and the south west coast are many volcanoes . Hawaii for to the south if Alaska in the pacific ocean in a chain of tropical volcanic islands.
In the US there are 8 distinct physiographic divisions le rant highland is a part of Canadian shield that extends into the northern US great lakes area .
2 The Atlantic plain : the coastal region of the eastern and southern parts includes the continental shelf 3 Appalachian highland , which lie in the eastern side of the US the region includes , the Appalachian mountain , Adirondacks, and new England province , 4 interior highland which are part of the interior continental US they include much of what is called great plains 5 ; which are also interior highland which are part of the interior continental the rocky mountain system , which lie fat in land in the western states ,7- interior mountain plateau , which are divided into the Colombian plateau , the Colorado plateau and the basin and range province 8- the specific mountain system made up of the coastal mountain range in the west coast .
- major cultural divisions in the us .
New England it’s one of the region settled by the European immigrants lies in the upper northeast corner of the us the prominent city in the region is Boston with important historical sides. The mid Atlantic states , which were settled by English immigrants , is a region which is home of tree cities , Washington, Philadelphia, and new York .
The south was the first region settled by the European immigrants in north America , the city of Atlantic is the capital of the south , the south is one of the larger cultural region of the us .
Mid- west this region was settled during the 1700 s and 1800 s ,; Chicago is the largest city in the region .
The south west is opportunely is equated to the states of new York , Arizona, and the southern portion of Utah , it’s region that has relatively low population density ( Spanish, American , and native American .).
The rocky mountain ; stretching northern from new Mexico into the state of Colorado ; Wyoming and Montana and west –ward to include the states of Utah , and the southern half of Idaho , is a region that is noted for it’s alpine peaks and copper –colored desert landscape , Denver is the most important city in the region.
2)HISTORICAL AND BACHGROUND
Before the united states got their independence, they were part of The British colony empire
American’s colonial history lasted over 150 years .and Britain influence upon America was fundamental .English became the languish of America and basic concept of government ,religion ,morality ,education ,business and art to came to America from Britain
However , the united states is not a product England alone , before England defeated the Spanish armada in 1588 , Spain and Portugal dominated the new world .afterwards the English , French , Dutch , and Swedish , sailed across the Atlantic and challenged one another , as well as, Spain in north America and ,later descendance of these groups and immigrants from many other nations joined together to distinct American culture.
By the middle of the 18 th century , the British and French were competing for central of north America , the British has settled a ribbon of 13 colonies , along the Atlantic coast and wanted to move west , this brought them into conflict with the French who claimed a vast extending from the saint Laurence river through the great lakes and down the Mississippi to the golf of Mexico between 1754 and 1763 , the British and French along with these colonists fought each other in the French and Indian war , Britain’s victory in the war secured it’s empire , but there were still difficulties .
Before the French and Indian war , English settled in America had enjoyed some of the some privileges as English-war in England and had become used to governing them- selves .they resented any interference . after the French and Indian wars British leaders in need of revenue to pay the cost of administering the enlarged British empire, bitter wrangling led to the declaration of independence and war “ the American revolution” after eight years , the colonies won their independence.
During the revolutionary war, the 13 states formed a loose union under the articles of confederation .the weak central government which these articles established could not provide the kind of effective government the people wanted after six years, the united states joined together under the present constitution f the united states which provides for here branches of government : the executive the legislative the judiciary.
The rich black soil Texas , the fertile valleys of the sacraments river in California and Willamette river in the organ country as well as the discovery of gold attracted American pioneers west wards in increasing numbers during the 1840 , however , more than hope of economic gain inspired these immigrations .American believed that they had or manifest “destiny” as god given night to spread American institution across the continent of the north American from the Atlantic to the pacific .the idea of manifest destiny dominated the history of the united states during the 1840. but this territorial expansion not only gained the new nation , more territory it also led to a war with Mexico the question with newly acquired territory in the west .was wither the states that were to be formed , in this territories ,, were to be free or slave states , the Mexico war lasted from 1846 to 1848 and ended in American victory with Mexico compelled to sell the territory of Texas to the united states for 50 million dollars., the question of slavery is to be one of the cause of the civil war which lasted from 1961 to 1965.
The war would end the victory of the north over the south , it would preserve the union and free the slaves but at a terrible coast , there were many casualties especially in the south , and the south was completely devastated .
For the next decade , Americans turned their attention to reconstructing and rebuilding the devastated .south.. how to do this became the subject of better debates . Lincoln warned in his last public address reconstruction was fraught with grave difficulty. His tragic assassination in 1865, left the massive problems of reconstruction in the hands of less able man and only time diminished the bitter feeling , caused by the years of wars and the years of reconstructions which followed .
3)American culture science:
During the revolutionary war American turned their energies to unifying and developing the new nation. They settled the last frontier , they linked the country together with the Vail rood and the telegraph .with industrial resolution , the US changed from predominantly rival agrarian nation to predominantly urban nation .Minors led the way into the mountainous areas of the last frontier , they were down by discoveries of gold and silver in the rocky mountains the high land of the great baser .mining torn sprang up some to die others to become cities farmers ,ranches and businessmen followed the minors ,cattlemen led the way into the great Plaines where the open range provided raising land for leaders of cattle whish could be sold and shipped to eastern markets .cattle towns along the advancing rail roods become centres of trade as farmers came to the Plaines to build homes fence the land and raise crops
By last decade of 19 century, the frontier was gone. by the end of the18 century ,us the continent as telegraph lives ands roods crossed the continent ,they bound the new nation into a close-knit .the telegraph and later the telephone made communication from one part of the nation to another a matter of minuet or at most a matter of homes
Rail roods moved agricultures products from furans and ranches .to urban industrial areas to feed grooving populations the held now materials to industrials centres , and industrial products to every corner of the land to meet the damans for manufactures .the us industries already stimulated by the demands which the civil war had made , moved forward at a quick rate markets for manufactures .expended as settlers peopled the last frontier and rail roods spread their net work .capable determined and sometimes ruthless (heartless) entrepreneurs taking the risks and free enterprise in order to make money built industrial empires as the met the increasing demand for goods tech developed new and improved industrial processes , and Americans from rural area as well as immigrants from abroad come to cities to work in factories
By the end of 20 century us was a leading industrial nation.
4)The world of American business:patch_mechan::patch_sal:
1- characteristics of business .
2-prestige of business * the idea of competition.
3- the prestige of business /the dream of getting rich .
4- two kind of American business hero.
5- the entrepreneur as hero .
6- the organization man as hero .
7- the decline of the business man as hero.
1- characteristics of business:patch_lf::patch_enrv:
The American characteristics of business actually are based on two significant pillars
To start with , the private business institution , which is owned by a private ones, in fact , this part is different to the government institution , second ,the profit, which the majority of businessman institution are eager to achieve ,however, all the above ,private and profit , made the business institution different from government private institution like : churches and charitable organization in the sense that the latter do not exist to make profit.
Vocabulary :
Socialism: socialist adj .to st of political * economic theories based on the belief that everyone has an equal right to share for a country's wealth and that the government should own and control the main industries -./ opposite :
Capitalism : communism : social democracy .
Essential : vital ; important .
2-the prestige of busniss * the ideal of competition
The American business is radically based on the ideal of competition more other institution due to many reasons , to start with , the competition is believed by many , is not most of the Americans as a path that lead to freedom .competition is also thought to be more significant than democracy is preserving freedom . in addition, competition promotes in some ways the ideal of quality of opportunity .bearing in mind It leads to success by competition, what is more is that competition is also seen the way by which most business are pushed to work hard . thus, only ho works hard will win , yet who does not will lose .
Vocabulary :
Heinous : morally very bad .: heinousness.
Prestige n+adj) the respect + admiration that somebody has because of their social position.
Adj --- luxurious
Luxury .
3- the prestige of business and the dream of getting rich
According to the idea of competition in business ,more people could be able to be well-off in the sense that they are all eager to rise from poverty t a great wealth , actually , this is not only for the individuals , but for the entire nation. On these hand, there's the socialist system tat doesn't increase as much as, the previous one above .this is mainly because of monopoly of power held by the government .besides ,business is more preferable by Americans than socialism according to the action which took place in 1978.
Vocabulary
1- the seeds of a business civilization had already planted .
-Eliminate : get rid of : discard.2
3-denote :; symbolize; mark. / opposite : promote.
4- demoralize : dishearten .
Demonstrate: show; protest; display.
5-denote : indicate : represent .
4-two kind of american business heroes .
USA contains two kinds of heroes that are so far as , the major kind is called the " the entrepreneur" which is seen as an example of basic American values .the other one is called "the organization man" but it is viewed as less significant than the other one .in the sense that it is not a good example of basic American values .
26/03/2007
Basic American values and beliefs*
1- individual freedom and self reliance .
2.equality of opportunity and competition .
3.material wealth and hard work .
1-1- individual freedom and self reliance .( page 20 and 21) .
When the British colonial settlers declared their independence from England in 1776 ,they therefore established a new nation , the united states .According to the independence the wrote their constitution for their nation in 1789 in which they agreed to separate the church and state thus, there would be no ruling class of nobleman in the nation and the power of the church was greatly limited .
This helped the American to create a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual . freedom is also viewed to many American a the desire and ability to control their own destiny without interference from the other's authority , the government hence, this attracted several immigrants to set foot in the new world.
The Americans actually take it for granted that the individuals must turn to depend on themselves , but not on the others ,such as , the given of the charity organization , the church and so on , this is self –reliance , led to achieve both financial and emotional independence from the parents as early as possible .eventually ,Americans believe that they must be self reliant in order to keep freedom.
Vocabulary
* dry and settled weather/ arrange, resolve ,clear up : opposite of unsettled0
* the extent to which ( how much ) family life has changed over the past 50 year.
To interfere: impede, obstruct, hinder. interferer noun, interfering adjective, interferingly adverb .
e.g. : I wish he would stop interfering and let me make my own decision.
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2.equality of opportunity and competition.
Many immigrant from the earliest settlers to the present day tended from deferent European countries to us , for leaving their own country for a number of reasons .first , they had a better chance to succeed in us than their own country which was determined largely by the social class into which they were born
Along with the idea of equality of opportunity , competition was believed by many Americans as a very important element of each individual .Americans in fact believe that the one who likes to competed successfully than others are honoured , and they are called ' the winner ' , whereas , the one who s passive and does not want to compete any more are dishonoured , and they are called the losers.
. Vocabulary
Excessive : immoderate, extreme ;greater --- they complained about noise comes from the upstairs flat.
Accumulated : accrue : build up.
To gradually get marc x of sth over period of time.
*constant: fixed ( adj ) .
*
Retire : (v) stop doing job , withdraw from a position. retirement ( n) .
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3.material wealth and hard work .
it is likely that the most compelling reasons which pushed immigrants to set foot in the us are the ideas of both having a better life and raising their standard of living . they therefore could achieve materials success and become very attached to material things in fact , most of them hated to be called a materialistic one since this accuses them of having only material things and of having no religious value .actually, material wealth become a value compels them to work hard. In order to get what they want in life . the 1 st settlers for example landed to the north of us which was rich in natural resources were undeveloped .so , only the hard work these natural resources
could be converted into material possession and comfortable of living standard.
Vocabulary
get rich overnight : quickly .
assessment : evaluation .
offensive : offend
explore : travel to unknown regions; investigate, examine, research .
USA CV P: 201/202 PACK 2
SUNDAY MAY 07th 2007 Wednesday avril 04 2007
The American family
1- the emphasis on the individual freedom
- What would be best for the family is not considered to be as important
as what would be best for the individual .
-American would decide what job would be .
2-the main purpose of which the Americans views that the family is to advance the happiness of the individual members .
Also : is not to advance the family as a group of , either socially or economically –
US is not an aristocratic society .
3- due to the American thirst for freedom they hate to be controlled by each of their family .
4- us family is a nuclear family .
--- few children.
It is taken for granted that the emphasis on the individual freedom in us is shown within various aspects .the majority of American don' t think of getting a career which would be best for the whole family irreconcilable , but what would be best individual , American believe that the significance , of being among the family is to advance the happiness of the individual members , but not to advance the family , either socially or economically , . owing to the American thirst for freedom most of them hate being controlled by each of the family , in other words they want to make independence decisions and not to be told what to by others .in addition , most of the American families are nuclear ones , which consist the parents and their children , in comparison with the extensive families that consist a big number of members .
2- marriage and divorce
A-young people could married without telling their parents : they don't control them .
marriage is based on love , happiness : companionship .
B- when the couple are not happy have irreconcilable differences .
They reseat to divorce.
Getting divorce is easier in may state in us .
As it my be expected , the American thirst of getting freedom is clearly shown among their decision of getting married . they could be able to marry whoever and whenever they want , without the awareness of their parents . this appear in some way that the parent have no authority over their children . Americans believe that the companionship is the most significant part of marriage through love and happiness can be achieved, in fact ,research has shown that the rate of divorce is increasing alarming in the American society, getting unhappy or having irreconcilable difference are the main reasons , which lead to divorce .what is more , is that it is easies to get divorce in many state of USA..
3- the role of the family in society .
According to the idea of equality , the family has various roles in the American community .some think that one would rather achieve individual freedom within the context of the family .but others believe that the major roles of the family is to accomplish defilement of each individual and shared affection to renew each member emotional strength.
4- the role of the child :
Place more stress on the needs a desires of the child and less on social family responsibility .
As a result of the emphasis on the individual instead of the group finds expressions in other ways .
The American parent would leave no stone to provide the needs , as well as , desires of their children .
Indeed , years ago ; chiefly since the world war 2 , there was a great interest in terms of children , .the latter from that time so far , should be looked with many experts. So as to get him growing well.
5-Equality in the family
- along with the idea of the quality , the relationship between the wives and the husbands has changing directly, this causes exiting four stages for marriage .first, wife as a servant to husband., in this case woman was oppressed , exploded , abused and submissive , they have no right even to vote as a member of central the family, as man can be able to do second, husband- head ; woman- helper, husband represent the first responsible of the family while the woman was considered as the helper , who should take care of her house and bring up her children , husband senior partner, woman junior partner, a good number of women could be able to obtain job outside during the 20th country, this , however , showed in someway that the woman career has less precedence than man 's one .family during to the women's movement who demonstrated against all forms of sexual discrimination , things have been altered .wives believed , that they had better get red of the boundaries between each other in a bit to achieve equally . this actually , prove that both wife an d husband would share the same missing in terms of supporting the family , having the responsibilities for house hold , and rising children
String change in the American family
* changing values .
*the growing economic pressures for families .} the most often causes behind } the crisis.
The quit crisis
--- Children in the USA confront many risk factors ---
1- inadequate prenatal care :
- many of American adolescence's women become pregnant receive a title or no prenatal care .
- USA has the highest rates in terms of the unintended pregnancy .
It's a well-known issue that us has the highest rates among other countries in terms of unintended pregnancy this , however , this letter caused the lack of prenatal care that adolescent should receive .
2- isolated parents:
Because of the more divorces many parents feel isolated from their children than ever before.
3- substandard child care:
in fact , many mothers who come back to their work farce after years of baby's birth , this however , shows the substandard child care.
4- poverty :
A quarter of families in us with children under 3 years of the age are suffering from poverty ,thus , they live in unsafe neighborhood with poor access quality , child in term of health service or family support pregnant .
5- insufficient attention .
Some parents give insufficient attention to their children ' intellectual development hence , children arrive to school unprepared to learn this , however , has bad consequence routinely on their health development of children but the development of the whole country economically socially, politically as well .
Striking change in the American family
The most significant reasons behind striking change in the American family are changing values and growing economic pressures in families .
This however, contributes to this four bellow pressures .
- more working mothers. Indeed, a great number of women who work outside of home in comparison with the past , their goals is that parents should devote more much time to earn their leaving ., yet on the other side children are the victims , in the sense that because their parents have no more time to be with , hence , they get affected .
- more single parent families :
The of children living in single parents families has been increasing alarmingly among American families, this however , is attributable first of all , the highest rate of divorce , s such , cause this woman gets the responsible of caring and supporting , while the man not, therefore , great number of children get worse outcomes in terms of health , education , and so on.